The supply of metal armor, especially in the early stages of the conquest, was limited to the weaponry brought from Europe. Deni Seymour said she has unearthed hundreds of artifacts linked to the 16th century Spanish expedition, including pieces of iron and copper crossbow bolts, distinctive caret-headed nails, a medieval horseshoe and spur, a sword point and bits of chain mail armor. During the excavation, the crew found evidence of a battle between the Spanish and the Indians, locating old weapons, skeletons, and part of old armor." View Known Bridges Excavated Around 1930 in a larger map Does anyone have a newspaper article that relates to this discovery? The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. In these pueblos, Coronado heard stories of an another wealthy trade center, Quivira, to the northeast. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. The "trophy artifact" is a . And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. As of Friday, just over $8,400 had been raised for the film, but the crowdfunding campaign was still well short of its $100,000 goal. 4, 2021, thoughtco.com/armor-and-weapons-of-spanish-conquistadors-2136508. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, about Weekly Top Stories: A Quick Catch Up On What You Missed, Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus. She predicts these discoveries will eventually help pin down the exact route of the infamous expedition through Arizona. Though professional archeologists and amateur sleuths have puzzled over it for close to 150 years, Coronados exact route through Arizona to the elaborate Zuni pueblos of northern New Mexico remains a mystery. ", First published on February 14, 2022 / 6:22 AM. He gives us both an excellent look at how tanks were used, and a . The question of whether it qualifies as the first European settlement in the U.S. seems to depend on how you define the word settlement. European bows and arrows were far more advanced, powerful, and accurate. The pressure on the front wheels was 3.15 tonnes whilst the back wheels bore 6.2 tonnes. I dont think that that means the usual reconstruction of the route going north has to be abandoned. The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. They thought they were going to China, Flint said. Seymour expects to publish the first of several peer-reviewed papers on her discovery sometime this spring. Additionally, the challenges criticising the route taken have such comments as most likely. In more than 40 years of research, they've written eight books and countless academic papers on the topic. In Arizona, unlike Mexico, missionization proceeded slowly. A subscription helps you access more of the local stories that keep you connected to the community. (36) $13,599.15. During my study of history, I developed a great interest in post-colonial studies, with a focus on Latin America. The Aztecs had warrior societies, the most notable of which were the feared Eagle and Jaguar warriors. Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. Over 350 years ago, Spanish Conquistadors traveled north through the wilderness to find the Seven Cities of Cibola, a treasure of gold.Though Coronado went back to Mexico empty-handed, it is believed that some of the Spaniards found treasure, and hid it in the cave before Indians killed them.. Large, heavy shields were notnecessary for the conquest, although many conquistadors used a buckler, a small, round or oval shield usually of wood or metal covered with leather. Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics and History. However, Seymour dismisses the skepticism. Its unquestionably Coronado.. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. Read: Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , the theory which applies to all institutions, organisations, and scientific activitities. It took a long time, a couple of generations, for people to become convinced they hadnt landed in Asia.. The Spanish were greatly aided by diseases previously unknown to that part of the world. She predicts these discoveries will eventually help pin down the exact route of the infamous expedition through Arizona. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. SWANNANOA, NORTH CAROLINAA team of researchers led by David Moore of Warren Wilson College has found a small piece of plate armor at Fort San Juan, a well-preserved fort built by Spanish . (CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Other weapons, which may be Spanish as well, are located in Vernon Museum in Canada. A panoramic image shows an orphan section of border wall along the U.S.-Mexico at Marker 102, the southern terminus of the Arizona Trail at Coronado National Memorial in Arizona. Credit Michele Skalicky. Some Spanish soldiers used a harquebus, a sort of early musket. Corbin Ekberg shares details about the Spanish Conquistador Armor on display in the Native Americans Gallery. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. In 1768, the Spanish crown discontinued Jesuit missionary work in the Americas, and missionary work was continued under the Franciscans.[2]. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World Natives, but that's not the case. "Everyone wants to be first. There are a lot of naysayers. 2A Fig. At minimum, Seymour said, it is the remains of a large encampment, but she suspects it is something more. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado (1510-1554) was a Spanish explorer and colonial official who is credited with one of the first European explorations of Arizona, New Mexico, and the Great Plains of North America. Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty, "Rock star" reptile breeder murdered; Coroner: "Not a random act", Nikki Haley slams potential GOP contenders, and Trump and George W. Bush. Those are the most diagnostic artifacts from the Coronado Expedition, Flint said, and to find so many crossbow bolts in particular is convincing evidence of a significant skirmish. Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526-1783. 2022 The Associated Press. Swords, daggers, armor, stirrups, spurs, bridles, copper medallions and boxes, copper plates, French swords, Spanish musketry and metal lance heads have been found from San Angelo to Silver to . A Spanish sword or pike could easily defeat Aztec armor. Several famous Paleoindian sites dating from 13,500 to 10,000 years ago have been found along the San Pedro River in southern Arizona. Mountjoy, Shane. This page provides a guide for where to find many of them, from Santa Fe to Albuquerque to Southern New Mexico. Artifacts linked to Coronado Expedition could reveal first Spanish outpost in Southern Arizona. Im an archaeologist. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. ( YouTube screenshot ). The Lost Gold of the Tumacacori Judge Barnes and the Mysterious Spanish Priest. They discovered . According to Flint, there are a number of written accounts by members of the expedition that reference Suya and the battle that led to it being abandoned. Franklin Roosevelt, Organ Pipe NM in Southwestern Arizona encompasses more than 330,000 acres, much of it wildern, Chiricahua National Monument near Willcox, Ariz., established in 1924, is awonderland of standing-up rocks: pinnacles, spires, sheer stone co. Over the past year, she has shared photos of the artifacts with several experts, including the Flints, and invited a handful of fellow researchers out to see where she is working. She has been uncovering artifacts there ever since with the help of metal detectors and a crew of up to 18 volunteers, including several members of the Tohono Oodham tribe. She said she first visited the site in Santa Cruz County in July 2020 and immediately found several caret-headed nails, "which in this area means without question you have Coronado.". The trophy artifact is a bronze wall gun more than 3 feet long and weighing roughly 40 pounds found sitting on the floor of a structure that she said could be proof of the oldest European settlement in the continental United States. Legend. A cache of armor was found south of here in the 1800's also, Willard peak does have gold deposits on it so I would assume it is of Spanish origin. It sure sounds like shes found an exciting site. Seymour hasn't kept the dig site entirely to herself. Encased from head to foot in a steel shell, Spanish conquistadors were all but invulnerable when facing native opponents. /. $59.98. Dave Dalby Cause Of Death; Celebrity Broken Finger Moved In With Parents; Bruno Falcon Nationality; spanish armor found in arizona 2022 Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of the Inca. Just over $8,400 had been raised so far for the film, but the crowdfunding campaign was still well short of its $100,000 goal. From the time Europeans first arrived in what is now Arizona, the region's lore has been full of tales of lost gold mines and forgotten treasures, of "Apache gold and Yaqui silver," in folklorist J. Frank Dobie's words. The cavalry would usually carry the day in the battles of the conquest. They spent the winter there. Apaches who made peace with the Spanish were referred to as Apaches de paz (Apaches of Peace). Weekend Staycation in Tucson. The fine Spanish steel sword was such an advantage that for some time after the conquest, it was illegal for Indigenous people to have one. Seymour identifies the site with Suya, also known as San Geronimo III because it was the third and northernmost location of a Spanish outpost established to support the expedition. The longtime Southern Arizona researcher also claims to have found Coronado artifacts at two other spots about 6 miles apart in the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 100 miles east as the crow flies from her main site in Santa Cruz County. The discovery of the relics in Arizonas Santa Cruz County could rewrite the history of the Coronado expedition, archaeologist Deni Seymour said in a lecture on the find. Like Christopher Columbus before them, members of the Coronado Expedition assumed the place they called New Spain was actually part of the Asian continent, and if they just kept searching, they would eventually find a faster route to bring back silk, porcelain, spices, dye and other coveted Chinese goods. All but one or two family members were supposedly killed by Apaches while carting gold to Mexico; the rest escaped. As archaeologists, we get to see the coolest stuff and go to places others cant go, she said. However, the trophy artifact is a bronze wall gun (an early form of cannon) more than 3 feet (91 centimeters) long and weighing roughly 40 pounds (18 kilograms). "There's no question.". ( Coronado We Did It ). "I don't want to be in competition with treasure hunters.". https://www.thoughtco.com/armor-and-weapons-of-spanish-conquistadors-2136508 (accessed March 5, 2023). [3] In 1752, Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac was built in what is now Tubac, Arizona. This is a history-changing site. I don't think it undermines earlier thoughts that they came up the San Pedro.". These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Jun 24, 2014. 117. Print. In 2014, the University of Arizona Press published his book on the subject, Searching for Golden Empires., It sure sounds like she has a really exciting site, Hartmann said after attending Seymours first lecture in Tubac. At the Battle of Teocajas, Sebastian de Benalcazar had 140 Spanish and Caari allies: together they fought Inca General Rumiahui and a force of thousands of warriors to a draw.. In 1540, Spanish conquistador Francisco Vzquez de Coronado led an armed expedition through what is now Mexico and the American New Mexico historian Richard Flint had a similar reaction: excited by Seymour's discovery, skeptical about her conclusions. (This discovery) is important, even if its not the first, Flint said. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the Franciscans from the college of Santa Cruz in Quertaro took over responsibility in the Pimera Alta missions. Belief in malevolent spirits inhabiting the human body has persisted across cultures for millennia. The morion's shape is derived from that of an older helmet, the Chapel de Fer, or "Kettle Hat."Other sources suggest it was based on Moorish armor and its name is derived from Moro, the Spanish word for Moor.The New Oxford American Dictionary, however, derives it from Spanish morrin, from morro 'round object'. The two-year journey took them as far north and east as present-day Kansas and brought them into contact and often conflict with centuries-old Indigenous cultures along the way. Cody Drake only planned on spend. Gladius, XIX, 1999 A NEW WORLD FIND OF EUROPEAN SCALE ARMOR 223 Fig. History Early Franciscan missions. A few of the latest Coronado Expedition artifact finds in Arizona, recently discovered by independent researcher Deni Seymour. The longtime Southern Arizona researcher also claims to have found Coronado artifacts at two other spots about 6 miles apart in the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 100 miles east as the crow flies from her main site in Santa Cruz County. The big question in my mind is whether it disagrees with the earlier interpretation of where the Coronado Expedition went. Spaniard Don Joaquin conducted mining exploration in the Sierra Estrella Mountain Range south of Phoenix, Arizona in the mid-1800s. Deni Seymour holds a 42-inch-long bronze wall gun she discovered in one of her excavations. ", "It sure sounds like she has a really exciting site," Hartmann said after attending Seymour's first lecture in Tubac. She has been uncovering artifacts there ever since with the help of metal detectors and a crew of up to 18 volunteers, including several members of the Tohono Oodham tribe. Norimitsu Odachi: Who Could Have Possibly Wielded This Enormous 15th Century Japanese Sword? I just go where the evidence is. She is so sure of her ground that she feels the site could one day end up being declared a national monument or even a World Heritage Site. Tucson archaeologist Deni Seymour digs for artifacts from the Coronado Expedition at an undisclosed site in Santa Cruz County. "It's unquestionably Coronado.". ", The Spanish "had a major presence here, and they had major conflicts with the natives here," Seymour said. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. The envisioned revelation, the feared end of the world that will herald an age of purification through horrific and chaotic means Every culture has an explanation about how we got here. This order continued with officers overseeing groups of 100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000. The evidence is very strong that they came up through the Rio Sonora.. The two-year journey took them as far north and east as present-day Kansas and brought them into contact and often conflict with centuries-old Indigenous cultures along the way. (The documentary) is important so people can see and understand the discovery process.. A display of Deni Seymours findings from about 40 miles west of the San Pedro River. The Apalache refused to tell the Spanish where the city was. Near the B, hidden in the rocks was a small cave, and in it her husband found Spanish Writings on the wall of the cave. A difficult accomplishment in the heat of battle. Lone Archaeologist Discovers First Multi-Year European Settlement in the U.S. Archaeological site in Mexico reveals sacrifice and cannibalization of Spanish conquistadors, Archaeologists to use dog DNA to investigate the mysterious Cattewater Wreck, Holy Grail of Shipwrecks Comes Ashore 200 Years Later, Inscribed with Ancient Numbers, https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/02/13/tucson-archaeologist-says-she-found-coronado-expedition-artifacts/6775408001/, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronado-expedition-1540-artifatcs-found-arizona-archaeologist/, https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftubacpresidiopark%2Fposts%2F3274737226108040, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10511381/Artifacts-linked-famed-16th-century-Coronado-expedition-history-changing-site.html, Weekly Top Stories: A Quick Catch Up On What You Missed. How to use armor in a sentence. In the spring of 1687, the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans in the area called the Pimera Alta, or "Upper Pima Country," which presently includes the Mexican state of Sonora and the southern portion of Arizona. The garrison was built by Spanish Capt. Clusters of lead shot and distinctive Sobaipuri arrowheads tell the story of their final confrontation, which sent the Spaniards retreating back to the south. Flint and his historian wife, Shirley Cushing Flint, are among the world's leading experts on the expedition. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. Along with Yellowstone and Yosemite, it is one of the crown jewel, Contact reporter Henry Brean at hbrean@tucson.com or 573-4283. Excavation at the site has yielded more than 120 caret-headed nails and more than 60 crossbow bolts so far. The consensus among scholars is that the expedition most likely followed the Rio Sonora through northern Mexico and the San Pedro River into what is now Arizona. Aztec warriors used theatlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. In the English description: armor-piercing - battle gear - chain mail - cuirass - cuisse - culet - gorget - greave - gusset - lamellar - mail - mailed - nosepiece - ringed - shield - up-armored. Fencing can alter or cut off the movement of mule deer, bighorn sheep and javelina between the Tucson Mountains and ranges to the west. . It is also difficult to believe that the Spanish used horses to travel up the Columbia River and in the Interior Mountains. ThoughtCo, Apr. It's primary goal is to add more diversity and lore-friendly armor and clothing options to the game, as well as to give certain NPCs outfits that are more appropriate for them. And its different natives than previously thought.. $10700$114.00. June 5, 2022 Posted by: Category: Uncategorized "We have clear evidence of battle," said Seymour, who has written dozens of academic books and papers about the region and its early native inhabitants. Jean Laurent. In the 18th century, many native tribes were attacking Spanish settlements in Arizona. Fortunately, the article "Finds Show Spanish Expedition Visited Loup Valley in 1720," published in the Columbus Daily Telegram on Aug. 2, 1924, gave a fairly accurate description of the two bronze artifacts found by Blackman. A glass that you drop but it doesnt break. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. The evidence is very strong that they came up through the Rio Sonora ., One of the longest-standing archeological mysteries in the United States has been the Coronado Expedition land route taken by famed explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado. Adds greater diversity to the outfits available in . Although there are rumours of Spanish armor found around Keremeos, by 1750 the Spanish were no longer wearing the cumbersome mail armor, be it the breastplate [cuirass] or those strange iron helmets [morion]. The ultimate commander was the sapa inca (emperor). She promised more tantalizing details during a follow-up talk at the Tubac Presidio on Feb. 5. spanish armor found in arizonasour milk bread recipes no yeastsour milk bread recipes no yeast Teams of Spanish conquistadors devastated Indigenous communities on Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola between 1494 and 1515 or so before moving on to the mainland. These small forces were able to defeat much larger ones. "This is a history-changing site," said Seymour, who touts herself as the Sherlock Holmes of history. The "trophy artifact" is a bronze wall gun more than 3 feet long and weighing roughly 40 pounds found sitting on the floor of a structure that she said could be proof of the oldest European settlement in the continental United States. It had a short and bloody histo, Established in 1937 by Pres. Seymour is not disclosing the exact location of the archaeological site, but her general description in the Santa Cruz Valley places it at least 40 miles west of Coronado National Memorial, which overlooks the San Pedro River and the U.S.-Mexico border south of Sierra Vista. (2021, April 4). 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The Coronado Expedition traveled through present-day Mexico and the American southwest, but the exact route has never been proven. By the age of 10, most children in the United States have been taught all 50 states that make up the country. Sacred Marvels: 17 Cathedrals That Will Take Your Breath Away, In Pictures, Restormel Castle, What the English Call A Romantic Scene, Egyptologists Reveal a Lost Chamber in the Great Pyramid With Cosmic Rays, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription. The wheels had a diameter of 94 mm and were equipped with covers, with the two on the front being removable. "(The documentary) is important so people can see and understand the discovery process.". 4 Vintage 1968 HOMCO Home Interior Coat of Arms, Armor, Arrows, Spanish Conquistador Wall Decor, Made in the USA, Bronze w Gold Wall Plaques. Heroic defense of the Incas. Certain content each day will be avai, Tucson was born Spanish and raised Mexican - but by the time it A heavily armored Spanish foot soldier could cut down dozens of Indigenous people in minutes with a fine Toledan blade. they don't suffer the same legroom issues found in some emergency exit rows. The former mission is still visible today as a ruin. How were the Spanish conquistadors able to do it? "As archaeologists, we get to see the coolest stuff" and go to places others can't go, she said. Free shipping. We have clear evidence of battle. Very much like the lyrics of the famous She may be ancient Egypts most famous face, but the quest to find the eternal resting place of Queen Nefertiti has never been hotter. Spanish Comb Morion Helmet 20G Steel w/ Red Feather Plume Renaissance Fair LARP. or Best Offer. The cave was sealed up until it was re-discovered in 1885 by an old Spaniard from Madrid. In more than 40 years of research, theyve written eight books and countless academic papers on the topic. As far as she is concerned, this discovery is so important, so game-changing that it could wind up as a national monument or a World Heritage Site someday. For the most part, the Inca military was organized very much like our modern army. The Incas wore quilted or padded armor and used shields and helmets made of wood or bronze. "What we have is a named place," she said, "a place named in the Coronado papers.". The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. This uniform was not a total loss on defense however. Local journalism is important, and we are asking for your help to support it by subscribing to the Star. Beginning in the late 1600s, what is now Arizona was settled by New Spain (Mexico). When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, they switched to granting large tracts of land to settle the frontier. Seymour believes she has found the remains of Suya, also known as San Geronimo III because it was the third and northernmost location of a Spanish outpost established to support the expedition. There is no . We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Seymour is far less measured. During the time of the Conquistadores, we have learned that the actual presence of armor cuirass and mail seems to have been less than often presumed, and more common became the wearing of leather doublets or jerkins or heavy cotton/wool armor favored by the Aztecs. Spanish Morion Helmet-Medieval Conquistador Costume Armor Helmet AJ373 18GA Halloween Helmet Best Gift By MEDIEVAL ARMOR. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/armor-and-weapons-of-spanish-conquistadors-2136508. She said she only brings along people she can trust, and only on the condition that they not reveal the location or take anyone else there on their own. There are a lot of naysayers, she said. Perhaps this could lend a clue to pinpoint the actual treasure . This goes contrary to the generally held belief among historians. He said the loss of the outpost sort of put the nail in the coffin of Coronados journey, because it cut him off from his main resupply and communication route. Some infantrymen preferred a salade, a full-faced helmet that looks a little like a steel ski mask. She said she has already received a few radiocarbon results and other dating methods to back her up, with more testing planned. For Star subscribers: The bells that have rung out over the mission near Tucson for more than 200 years were recently taken down and treated i. De Soto Falls gets its name from the Spanish armor found there. Following the Mexican War of Independence and the expulsion of all Spanish-born priests from the region in 1828, the remaining missions were gradually abandoned. Full suits of armor were uncommon among the Spanish conquistadors for a number of reasons. This was found resting on the floor of a structure that, according to Seymour, could be part of the oldest European settlement in the United States. Along the way, they encountered and often clashed with the local Native American tribes. "Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors." Mission San Xavier del Bac was the last mission to be abandoned, with the last priest leaving for Spain in 1837. Old Spanish . "Could it be armor that the Aztec picked off the western causeway after the battle with Cortez?" . Although Seymour, an independent researcher, hasnt disclosed the exact location of the site, going by her description, it is at least 40 miles (64 kilometers) west of Coronado National Memorial, which overlooks the US-Mexico border, reported CBS. Flint and his historian wife, Shirley Cushing Flint, are among the worlds leading experts on the expedition. Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronado-expedition-1540-artifatcs-found-arizona-archaeologist/, Deni Seymour. The evidence for the China theory is detailed in 2019s A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition in Global Perspective, Flints eighth book on the topic with his wife and fellow historian Shirley Cushing Flint. Bill Hartmann is an accomplished Tucson astronomer, who has also been investigating and writing about Coronado for more than 20 years. The conquistadors who took these mighty Empires down (Hernan Cortes in Mexico in 1525 and Francisco Pizarro in Peru, 1532) commanded relatively small forces: Cortes had around 600 men and Pizarro initially had about 160 . Also in the 1930's a man stumbled upon a cave in the Caballos that contained a full suit of Spanish armor. As for her recent public talks in Tubac, Seymour said she took the unusual step of selling tickets and publicizing her work early to raise money for a documentary thats being made about the discovery by Tucson-based Frances Causey Films. 17th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_missions_in_Arizona&oldid=1088525968, History of Catholicism in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
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