So we got one. They were minors, and might have problems with their families or with the law. Another director cited a situation where one high school kid would lift a girl and put her head-first in a trashcan after the teacher had left. Filmmakers repeatedly referenced problems with using historical materials, which document specific people, places, and times, as generic references or in service to a particular and perhaps unrelated point. At a time when there is unprecedented financial pressure on makers to lower costs and increase productivity, filmmakers reported that they routinely found themselves in situations where they needed to balance ethical responsibilities against practical considerations. The second time, he was crying, I was crying, we were all crying. A more extended and vigorous conversation is needed in order to cultivate such understanding in this field of creative practice. However, when filmmakers did not empathize with, understand, or agree with the subjects concern, or when they believed the subject had more social power than they did, they overrode it. In thinking about their subjects, filmmakers typically described a relationship in which the filmmaker had more social and sometimes economic power than the subject. Thats an advocacy piece where people come on camera and say, This is terrible and the other side doesnt want to comment because it will demolish them, Dixon said. We are spending $500 on a dinner for 5 people. They spoke of making a fair film and a truthful film, not necessarily one that would, for instance, make their subjects happy or their networks richer. For Grierson, who incessantly strategized to garner government resources for documentary film, the phrase had strategic advantages. Its part of our work and our interpretation, said one. The ethical conflicts they face loom large precisely because nonfiction filmmakers believe that they carry large responsibilities. Filmmakers who thought of themselves as journalists resisted even the idea of payment. He justified it by the result: Ultimately there is a story to be told, you may have to make these compromises. Documentary films have risen significantly in popularity since the turn of the century, increasing from less than 5 percent of all movie releases to 18 percent as of 2012, according to the media analysis nonprofit group the Harmony Institute. The reason we still talk about [this] is because it was a perfect ethical conundrum. In journalistic practice, payment is usually forbidden for fear of tainting the information garnered. Filmmakers felt frustrated that stations did not always honor the agreements they had made with their subjects. Filmmakers observed these principles with widely shared limitations. Some of these outlets may ask filmmakers to observe standards and practices, and/or ethics codes derived from print journalism and broadcast news and developed in conjunction with journalism programs in higher education. For example, the main subject of "Silence" an optometrist, Adi Rukun, who was born after his older brother was murdered openly confronts his brother's likely (but unconfirmed) killers in front of the camera as a sort of impromptu and very damning confessional. It spoke to the possibilities as well. This filmmaker decided to take the story out altogether: the harm that we could potentially do overwhelmed our [broadcasting rights] . That critique has popped up a lot recently Netflixs miniseries Making and Murderer was criticized for omitting some facts of the case it examined, HBOs The Jinx was similarly judged for not going to police immediately when they found they had a taped confession of the killer, and the true crime podcast Serial has been scrutinized for being too one-sided. By Justin Sayles Jul 9, 2021, 6:30am EDT. One filmmaker recalled omitting a section on request. Many filmmakers believed that payment was not only acceptable but a reasonable way to address the power differential, even though payment often sufficed only to cover costs of participation. Singled out for notice was the attention at some television networkseven when not in the news divisionto factual accuracy. I was making a film about someone who was not loved . They nonetheless subscribed to shared, but unarticulated, general principles. . an=(4.5,2,0.5,3,5.5,)? Their comments can be grouped into three conflicting sets of responsibilities: to their subjects, their viewers, and their own artistic vision and production exigencies. Data were reviewed by an advisory board composed of two industry veteransfilmmaker and author Sheila Curran Bernard and filmmaker and professor Jon Elseand documentary film scholar Bill Nichols. The differing styles of documentary and injection of cinematic elements that arguably make them more interesting has made it harder to define documentary and its goals even among professionals, no two definitions of a documentary are quite the same. But that doesnt mean that I dont bend the truth. It appears to justify the overall goal of communicating the important themes, processes, or messages within the (required) entertaining narrative frame, while still permitting the necessary distortions to fit within that frame and the flexibility to deal with production exigencies. Filmmakers identified challenges in two kinds of relationships that raised ethical questions: with subjects and with viewers. This study provides a map of perceived ethical challenges that documentary filmmakersdirectors and producer-directorsin the United States identify in the practice of their craft. Is the filmmaker the center of this film? not looking at archival footage as a document of a particular time and place, becomes problematic. Peter Miller noted that. if the regular price od the book is $25, how many books could be bought at the sale price if a shopper spent $105? One filmmaker, for instance, created archival material to use in her documentary and was asked to take it out by thebroadcaster when they found out it wasnt real. by what amount will the value of the stock need to go up from there in order that the price of the stock will be equal to what the investor first paid for it, David C. Lay, Judi J. McDonald, Steven R. Lay, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Arthur David Snider, Edward B. Saff, R. Kent Nagle. Despite the can't-miss subject matter, "Operation Varsity Blues: The College Admissions Scandal" makes a near-fatal misstep, heavily using dramatic recreations in a way that leaves this Netflix . One featured his typical bodyguards, in street clothes. Jon Else said: For years I never paid anyone for an interview. Or would they think its fair? one filmmaker told us. . Jump cuts might be more honest about the rearranging going on but might be unwatchable. They argued that the responsibility to control the films point of view lay squarely with the filmmaker. the politicians earlier association with the student communist movement ________________ his reputation with some in his party, who feared his history would hurt his chances of being elected, the documentary became popular due to its subject matter, it dealt with sensitive topic but ____________ the information in a palatable way. [You have to be] obsessively careful. In the edit room . Another recalled a prolonged negotiation. In both situations, they used deception to keep someone with the power to stop the project from doing so, and they regarded it as entirely ethical because of an ends-justifies-the-means argument. . Filmmakers also try to prevent material featuring their subjects from being reused by other filmmakers in ways that might misrepresent them in new contexts. We want to build him up as a hero and show the fall.. In relation to viewers, they often justified the manipulation of individual facts, sequences, and meanings of images, if it meant telling a story more effectively and helped viewers grasp the main, and overall truthful, themes of a story. The trend towards faster and cheaper documentaries and the assembly line nature of work has proven challenging to filmmakers understanding of their obligations to subjects in particular. Blackfish is what Dixon considers an advocacy film," even though the film spurred change that journalism may not, because of ethical considerations, have been able to achieve. We discussed it with her, and then she felt comfortable. . an=(4.5,2,0.5,3,5.5,)?a_n=(4.5,2,-0.5,-3,-5.5,\ldots)? They take you to places that you will never see in the so-called mainstream media. But they can also be manipulated.. They sometimes deal with hostile gatekeepers or powerful celebrity subjects. Documentary clients have included Sonia, Power Trip, Afghan Women, Trembling Before G*D and Blacks & Jews. Unbeknownst to me, the [animal wrangler] broke the next rabbits leg, so it couldnt run. Occasionally filmmakers even shared film profits with the subjects, although not as a contractual matter from the start. its a case-by-case example. I remember negotiating with a bigwig, he was in demand, he said hed like to do it, and requested a donation to a nonprofit. Interrogating what it means to become a "subject" in a documentary film that ultimately takes on a life and a folklore of its own, Jennifer Tiexiera and Camilla . What is the difference? A cable TV producer argued that the ethical thing to do would be to pay subjects. That makes me uncomfortable; it puts them at risk.. Institutional standards and practices remain proprietary to the companies for which the filmmakers may be working and do not always reflect the terms they believe are appropriate to their craft. His promotion of the term has been criticized, by scholar Brian Winston, among others, for allowing ethical choices to go unexamined. he didnt have family photos. It has no ethical or redemptive value . In that part, friendship wasnt helpful in making the film, even though it is during the production phase., Filmmakers accepted significant manipulation of the situation in filming without regarding it as a betrayal of viewer expectations. if the regular price of the hats is 25$, how many hats could be bought at the sale price it a shopper spent 105? I said, I dont care what youre talking about, we have to put it in there . The whole truth is always more complex than whats on newsprint or celluloid. The filmmaker decided to exclude this information from the film. In one case, a filmmaker lacked exciting enough pictures of a particular animal from a shoot, and the executive producer substituted animals from another country. In general, documentary filmmakers tended to volunteer few comments about audio elements. Wanda Bershen is a consultant on fundraising, festivals and distribution. We consulted with [an] immigration attorney . It has no ethics. In most cases, documentarians believed strongly in making informal commitments and employing situational ethics determined on a case-by-case basis. In both these cases, the choices not to honor the subjects requests reflected the fact that the subjectsboth experts, not less-powerful subjectsattempted to exert control over the films outcome that differed from that of the filmmakers. In the case of subjects who they believed were less powerful in the relationship than themselves, they believed that their work should not harm the subjects or leave them worse off than before. For a film involving high school students, filmmaker Stanley Nelson asked which students smoked marijuana. . I feel like I approached the subject differently. When you have a scene or moment in the film, you may realize its just a great moment, and then you realize the subject doesnt want that moment on screen. a store has a sale where all hats are sold at a discount of 40%. Only one respondent, Jennifer Fox, said that she offered fine cut approval in a legal document, with the caveat that the subjects couldnt object to the film because they didnt like the way they looked but could object to things on the grounds of hurting their family. Filmmakers were acutely aware of the implications of telling a story one way rather than another. They believe that their viewers are dependent on their ethical choices. Luc Jacquet 3. However, what I will call the content of a film often contains something further. the documentary became popular due to its subject matter, it dealt with sensitive topic but _____ the information in a palatable way surmised a bookstore has a sale where all hardcore books are sold at a discount of 40%. But I feel like its important to get the big-picture truth of the situation on camera. Hopefully you do it in a way that ultimately, with the finished product that I had a clear conscience. Filmmakers grounded this permission in two arguments: they wanted to demonstrate a trust relationship with the subject, and they wanted to make a film that was responsible to the subjects perspectives. The population spanned three generations. . (Documentaries) can offer in-depth, detailed looks at what the news media will only superficially cover, but theyre more and more opinion based and less fact based, said Wheeler Winston Dixon, Ryan professor of film studies at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. Its increasingly entertainment. The ongoing effort to strike a balance, and the negotiated nature of the relationship, was registered by Gordon Quinn: We say to our subjects, We are not journalists; we are going to spend years with you. For instance, filmmakers also regularly used re-creations (re-staging of events that have already occurred, whether in the recent or distant past), although they widely believed that it was important that audiences be made aware somehow that the footage is recreated. While Silence and its companion film, The Act of Killing, are both generally categorized as documentary films (Silence was nominated for an Academy Award in that category earlier this year), Oppenheimer dismisses that label, preferring the term nonfiction film" because he recognizes the cinematic elements of his films that have helped popularize the genre like re-enactments. Its your reputation. It would have made a fabulous turning point in the film, but I didnt include it. if both individuals start working at the same time, and each works 56 hours completing tooth canals over the course of one month, how many tooth canals will they have completed, taking issue with media reports, the president_____ that she had no plans to step down and ____________ claims that her office was guilty of corruption. Their goal was to tell the story honestly, to try to keep as emotionally truthful as possible. They strove to represent the truth of who [the subjects] are or of what the story is. We will show the film before it is finished. It did not compromise an ultimate truth.. Filmmakers were drawn into criticism of their peers, while lacking common standards of reference. Filmmakers need to develop a more broadly shared understanding of the nature of their problems and to evolve a common understanding of fair ways to balance their various obligations. In still another case, an HIV-positive mother addicted to drugs asked filmmakers not to reveal where she lives. As documentary production becomes more generalized, and as public affairs become ever more participatory, the question of what ethical norms exist and can be shared is increasingly important. This DPA may be amended and the observance of any provision of this DPA may be waived . After discussion with his team and with professional historians, he decided for the atypical shot, because it communicated his point (that Long used bodyguards) more rapidly. Public more agency in news gathering, Cross said. . The Economist reports that documentaries now make up 16 percent of the Cannes Film Festival slate, compared to about 8 percent in 2008. Especially on a historical documentary, I keep to the facts. But if you want to really explore it, you have to shape and bend. . This study explores those questions. He most often refers to his work as art rather than journalism. When documentary filmmakers do have to make their own ethical decisions, how do they reason? . To achieve those goals, standards uphold accuracy, fairness, and obeying of law, including privacy law. She has organized programs with the Human Rights Film Festival, Brooklyn Museum and Film Society of Lincoln Center and currently teaches arts management at CUNY Baruch. an. an hourly worker whose wage is 15 per hour will be paid how much for an 8 hour shift, which of the following is the. Its not meant to be consumed the day its produced.. A good film often has many lives, and one of the lives is in educational institutions, within schools and libraries. When the facts of a film are up to a single filmmaker, the truth, too, can become subject to style choices. When (filmmakers) feel we have to pick up the ball dropped by the news media, that means we will not prioritize being artists anymore. I have come around to believe that a small honorarium is OK, that we should cover the subjects expenses and lost work, and that we sure as hell should share profit if we can. . The interview team consisted of Center for Social Media fellow and filmmaker Mridu Chandra and American University School of Communication MFA graduate student Maura Ugarte. It may be a necessary sacrifice if the media is going to continue not to investigate things like Indonesia.. Gordon Quinn recalled, I made a film in the 70s about an 11-year -old girl growing up. Its important to lift up people who tell their stories, as opposed to making them victims. Documentary films are becoming more popular but are they fact or fiction? A great documentary doesnt give you an answer, Breyer said. Anonymity permitted filmmakers to speak freely about situations that may have put them or their companies under uncomfortable scrutiny. A filmmaker has dropped his long-planned documentary on indicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein because the subject . The felt power differential also led them to protect their subjects when they believed they were vulnerablenot, however, at the expense of preserving their own artistic options. by working __________ the new employee hoped to prove that he could excel in his new position, the student offered information to his classmates under the _____________ of altruism, but in reality, the information was false, and he sought to ______________ their grades, the author has been criticized for the __________ views expressed in his book; while his words may have once been met with agreement; they are now met with disappointment. Should films such asGhosts of Abu GhraibandStandard Operating Procedurefeature images that further embarrass and humiliate their subjects? In one extreme case, for instance, the filmmaker did not protect a subject who implied that he had committed a murder. She pushed for inclusion. Some filmmakers acknowledged that they occasionally would resort to bad faith and outright deception, both with subjects and with gatekeepers who kept them from subjects. "But we dont know what a balanced media diet looks like.. Most of those makers had experience both with nonprofit outlets, such as public TV, and with cable or commercial network television. I have to be careful not to abuse the friendship with the subject, but its a rapport that is somewhat false, said one. . Thats irrefutable evidence of the injustice thats going on and it wasnt the mainstream media that provided it, although it used it, Breyer said. In one case, a subject who had signed a release asked Stanley Nelson not to use an interview. March of the Penguins (2005) Dir. . . . People who love documentaries love Netflix because the streaming . In Egypt, I had a fixer who paid everyone as we went, thats the way they do things there. Observational Documentaries Observational documentaries aim to observe the world around them. We showed her the piece first. September 2009 a group of numbers has an average of 18. the first three numbers are 12, 24, 16. what is the other number, an investor purchases cryptocurrency for $1000 unit. what would be the next number in the following series . They may be encouraged to alter the story to pump up the excitement, the conflict, or the danger. I felt that my obligation was fulfilled. In another case, a director decided not to show footage to a subject who wanted approval over material used, because he feared the subject would refuse to permit use. M. Night Shyamalan decided to make the 2017 horror film, Split, on a budget of only $9 million, which proved to be a fantastic decision. Washington, DC 20016-8017, SUBJECTS: DO NO HARM, PROTECT THE VULNERABLE. DidMighty Times: The Childrens Marchmisrepresent civil rights history through its use of both fabricated and repurposed archival evidence? With profound sadness, Adi Rukun watches footage of interviews conducted by Joshua Oppenheimer with perpetrators of the 1965-66 Indonesian genocide in Drafthouse Films and Participant Medias The Look of Silence. Courtesy of Drafthouse Films and Participant Media. . A.253m2B.25m2C.103m2D.53m2, How to calculate the 424242nd term of the arithmetic sequence. 5 7 11 17. 25. an automobile factory produces 75 cars in an hour. what is the price of the stock after two years, a coffee shop sold 300 beverages during one morning shift. . First and foremost the kids education is at stake. Its become an easy thing to do to say that we dont pay. We make the films we make because of these relationships we build. a bookstore has a sale where all hardcore books are sold at a discount of 40%. That was really helpful to me. This study demonstrates the need to have a more public and ongoing conversation about ethical problems in documentary filmmaking. News, and Im talking about TV news mostly, doesnt attempt to give people context anymore. We have the money. Dialogue editing and reaction shots are necessary tools of documentary, and while sometimes manipulative, often fall under Picassos idea of art as the lie that makes us realize the truth. Class 12 Class 11 Class 10 Class 9 Class 2 Class 1 A Practice Book of English Class 11 English Medium NCERT Class 11 English - Hornbill High School English Grammar and Composition Book by Wren & Martin They didnt garble the voice but did obscure the face. inaccurately, for mood or tone, . She said she was trained to think of archival this way, to think that as a filmmaker, you put it out there as truth. The problem is, its not hard to convince people something is truthful. The Times described the documentary not only as focusing on women in politics, but more specifically on women of color, their communities, and the significant changes they have wrought upon America. We felt it was better not to use that scene. We did talk to that other person on the phone and then decided not to interview them for the film. A documentary is something that intends to be truthful, said Richard Breyer, Syracuse University director of documentary film and history. Jon Else noted that he once changed a shot that appeared on a TV set inSing Fasterbecause it involved a Major League Baseball game, and he had determined that he could not license the footage. We are a respected educational program provider, [and] we would have looked bad, disgraced by it., Filmmakers expected to get to truth via the vehicle of a story and held themselves responsible for its implications. . When Im working on a doc, I try not to lie, said Sam Pollard. They eschew conflict of interest. I can convince you that a lot of films are truthful., While news outlets appeal to different and distinct audiences based on interest and political persuasion, Cross says documentary films are thriving precisely because they dont try to settle on whats true., Theres this idea that somehow, I have to be a trained reporter to dispense the news, Cross said. But part of this subject matter is the graphic depiction of the attitude of the youths as they beat the man; they are represented as enjoying their act of brutality. Filmmakers also face pressure to inflate drama or character conflict and to create drama where no natural drama exists. we operate under a do-no-harm policy.. They widely shared the notions of Do no harm and Protect the vulnerable., They usually treated this relationship as less than friendship and more than a professional relationship, and often as one in which the subject could make significant demands on the filmmaker.
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