For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). Treaty of Paris Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood They hung on classroom walls. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. 161. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. of the United States, Geography 20 Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain 5 0 obj Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; Also available in digital form. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. Relief shown by hachures. 1853. 2. The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. and Germany, Leased from Panama This was not a freak event. 4. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. state.gov. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. Bicknell, Edward. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 40. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; The Journal of American History has never printed his name. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 27. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Don't use plagiarized sources. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . 35. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. 34. United States--History, - I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. 13. Albizus long career defies easy summary. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). Today, we are in a similar position. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. But it is still a significant figure. . 45. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. stream Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Diplomatic History used to be like that. 1845. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. Discussion Board 5 12 The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. But things are changing quickly. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. 32. The revolt touched eight cities. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. 7. sovereign, self-governing republic. The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. But they are not the whole of it. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. <> See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. They had even more people in the past. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. 3 0 obj The Greater United States (1904), . Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). This was an intellectually transformative event. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . Islands. 1 0 obj Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. 42. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a United States--Colonial question, - Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . 30. Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Pdf. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. 203. 11. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. 529,189. 12. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence <> That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. The Greater United States is not my term. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Hi The zip has the lab results and etc. Cover title. 26. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. U.S. 19. (Santo Domingo, 1998). In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Albizu presents something of a puzzle. 9. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. <> Yet annexation did take place. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France.
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